Differentiate between: (a) hypocotyl and epicotyl(b) coleoptile and coleorrhiza (c) integument and testa (d) perisperm and pericarp.

(a) The part of embryonic axis between radicle and the point of attachment of cotyledons is known as hypocotyl while the part of embryonic axis between plumule and point attachment of cotyledons is called epicotyl.

 (b) Both are found in monocotylednous seeds (grains). Coleoptile is a conical

protective sheath surrounding the plumule while coleorrhiza is a protective sheath covering radicle. 

(c) Integument is the protective layer surrounding the ovule (nucellus) whereas testa is the protective covering of a seed. Actually outer integument of ovule is transformed into testa of seed.

(d) After fertilisation, the ovules are transformed into seeds and ovary 

into fruits. In certain cases, the 

nucellus of ovule persists as 

membranous layer below the 

tegmen and testa, it is 

called perisperm. While the ovary

wall is transformed into fruit 

wall called Pericarp.

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